knee
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Bones Around the Knee
Three important bones come together at the knee joint:
The tibia (shin bone)
The femur (thigh bone)
The patella (kneecap)
A fourth bone, the fibula, is located just next to the tibia and knee joint, and can play an important role in some knee conditions.
The tibia, femur, and patella all are covered with a smooth layer of cartilage where they contact each other at the knee joint.
There is also a small bone called a fabella, that is often located behind the knee joint. The fabella is a type of bone called a sesamoid bone (meaning it sits within a tendon). It's of little consequence to the function of the knee joint and is only found in about 25% of the population.
Cartilage of the Knee
There are two types of cartilage in the knee joint:
Articular cartilage is the smooth lining that covers the end of the bone. When the smooth articular cartilage is worn away, knee arthritis is the result. Cartilage is generally a resilient structure that resists damage, but when injured, it has a difficult time healing. It can also wear down over time with age.
The other type of cartilage in the knee joint is called the meniscus. The meniscus is a shock absorber that sits between the end of the thigh bone and the top of the shin bone.
Ligaments of the Knee
Ligaments are structures that connect two bones together. There are four major ligaments that surround the knee joint.
Two of these ligaments are in the center of the joint, and they cross each other. These are called the cruciate ligaments and consist of the anterior cruciate ligament and the posterior cruciate ligament.
One ligament is on each side of the knee joint—the medial collateral ligament on the inner side and the lateral collateral ligament on the outer side. Ligament injuries typically result in complaints of instability of the knee joint.
Muscles and Tendons
Muscles propel the knee joint back and forth. A tendon connects the muscle to the bone. When the muscle contracts, the tendons are pulled, and the bone is moved.
The knee joint is most significantly affected by two major muscle groups:
The quadriceps muscles provide strength and power with knee extension (straightening).
The hamstring muscles allow for strength and power in flexion (bending).
The patellar tendon on the front of the knee is part of the quadriceps mechanism. Other smaller muscles and tendons surround the knee joint as well.
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